Besides just using the names of the atoms, it is possible to categorize atoms form one another by using a method of organization. There are four levels, going from principle energy level, sublevel, orbital, and spin. Principle energy level is normal equal to the period which an element resided, exept if the atom is a rare earth metal or a transition metal. Sublevel depends on what block the atom resides in -- metal, transition metal, non-metal, and rare earth metal. Orbitals depend of sublevel, and spin depends on number of electrons.
Here is a detailed way of how the atoms are named in this method.
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